The British talent for wartime trickery and misdirection is fully revealed by these books, says Nicholas Rankin
1. ‘Blinker’ Hall
By David Ramsay
Spellmount, 2008
As David Ramsay recounts in this fascinating biography, Britain’s Machiavellian director of naval intelligence in World War I, Reginald “Blinker” Hall, was a man whose talent for tricks and bribes made the U.S. ambassador consider him “the one genius that the war has developed.” Hall’s organization, working out of Room 40 in the Admiralty offices, “tapped the air” for German wireless messages and scanned diplomatic cables. The codebreakers’ greatest coup came in 1917 with the interception and deciphering of “the Zimmermann telegram,” a secret message from Germany to the Mexican government offering money and the return of the American Southwest if the Mexicans would help wage war on the U.S. The furor that ensued after the message’s contents were revealed helped impel the U.S. into the war, thus clinching final victory for the British and their allies.
2. The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939 to 1945
By J.C. Masterman
Yale, 1972
J.C. Masterman was an Oxford don who, during World War II, chaired the secret Twenty Committee—20 is XX in Roman numerals, but XX is also a “double cross.” The group coordinated false information fed to German intelligence through Nazi spies who had been “turned.” Masterman waited nearly three decades after the war’s end to publish his account of how the committee and more generally the British Security Service (also known as MI5) actively ran and controlled agents of the German espionage service, but his book caused a sensation nonetheless. It was the first great, unsanctioned breach in the wall of British wartime secrecy. As an operating handbook of astonishingly successful deception, “The Double-Cross System” is without peer. But some of Masterman’s colleagues never spoke to him again for having exposed their work.
3. The Man Who Never Was
By Ewen Montagu
Lippincott, 1953
Operation Mincemeat, designed to divert German attention away from the Allies’ impending invasion of Sicily in 1943, involved planting false papers on a genuine corpse outfitted to be a British Royal Marine, “Maj. William Martin.” The body was dropped in the ocean off the coast of Spain; when it washed ashore, the Germans soon discovered what seemed to be plans for an invasion of Greece and Sardinia. Mincemeat worked perfectly—the Nazis took the poisoned bait and rushed to bolster their Greek defenses. A novel published soon after World War II told the tale of the operation, but readers had no idea how close to the truth the improbable story was until the appearance a few years later of “The Man Who Never Was.” Lawyer Ewen Montagu, who had been the naval-intelligence representative on the Twenty Committee during the war, was given official permission to write the book after a reporter began digging for the half-buried facts in the fictional version. Montagu produced a genuine wartime thriller.
4. The Deceivers
By Thaddeus Holt
Scribner, 2004
This scholarly yet entertaining magnum opus is the definitive account of all the stratagems used by the Allies against the Axis in World War II. The “master of the game” was the enigmatic Britisher Brig. Dudley W. Clarke, and “The Deceivers” follows the development of Clarke’s organization, from its origins in a converted bathroom in Cairo to a world-wide network with key nodes in Washington, London and New Delhi. It was during the desert warfare in North Africa that Clarke started using such ruses as dummy vehicles and fake radio traffic to make the enemy think the British were stronger than they were. The culmination of these ideas was the big lie that convinced the German high command in 1944 that the Allied invasion of Europe would come not at Normandy but with an Army Group led by Gen. George S. Patton at Calais.
5. Garbo
By Tomás Harris
Public Record Office, 2000
Catalan-born Juan Pujol— the greatest of World War II double agents—was such a brilliant actor that British intelligence gave him the code name Garbo. The Germans, who thought Pujol was working for them, called him Arabel (sometimes Arabal). His exploits were recorded by his handler, Tomás Harris, in an intelligence file that made such riveting reading that it was published in book form. It shows how Pujol and Harris collaborated in creating a network of fictitious sub-agents throughout Britain to channel bogus information through “Arabel” to the enemy. His ultimate coup was playing a key role in persuading the Germans to hold troops ready for the imminent D-Day invasion at Calais. During the war the oblivious Germans gratefully awarded the Iron Cross to Pujol; after the war, he was given the Order of the British Empire (fifth class) and a gratuity that allowed him to retire quietly to Venezuela, where he died in 1988.
Mr. Rankin is the author of “A Genius for Deception: How Cunning Helped the British Win. Two World Wars” (2009).
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